Howard gardner
Introduced the theory of multiple intelligence. Suggested traditional views of intelligence were too limited; proposed eight additional forms of intelligence. These include;
- 1. Linguistic Intelligence (“Word Smart”) – The ability to use words effectively; effective use of spelling, vocabulary, and grammar.
Examples in Everyday Life: talking, listening, reading (e.g., traffic signs, novels, poems), writing (e.g., letters, e.mail, reports, poetry)
2. Logical Mathematical Intelligence (“Numbers Smart”) – the ability to work well with numbers and/or to be adept at logic or reasoning.
Examples in Everyday Life: balancing checkbook, understanding the national debt, understanding budgets.
3. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”) – The intelligence of pictures and images. The ability to visualize pictures or objects in one’s mind, to abstractly create in 2 or 3 dimensional form.
Examples in Everyday Life: arts & crafts, decorating your house, landscaping.
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”) – The intelligence of the body or body parts (e.g., hands), fine-motor coordination.
Examples in Everyday Life: playing sports, dancing, working under the hood of a car, unscrewing a jar of mayonnaise.
5. Musical Intelligence (“Music Smart”) – The capacity to carry a tune, remember musical melodies, have a good sense of rhythm, enjoy and appreciate music.
Examples in Everyday Life: sing in a choir, play a musical instrument, enjoy music.
- 6. Interpersonal Intelligence (“People Smart”) – The ability to understand and work with people.
Examples in Everyday Life: listening to others, encouraging or understanding others, motivating others.
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence (“Self Smart”) – The intelligence of self-understanding or self-knowledge, of knowing who you are, of knowing what you are good at and what you are not good at.
Examples in Everyday Life: reflecting on one’s goals and beliefs.
8. Naturalistic Intelligence (“Nature Smart”) – The ability to identify and/or a sensitivity to natural forms (e.g., birds, flowers, trees, animals, clouds, geological formations).